The Sledeća generacija rashladnih fluida – istorijski pregled, analiza i perspektive
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Jan 11, 2017
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U članku je prikazan napredak rashladnih fluida od rane upotrebe do danas, a zatim su prikazani
budući pravci razvoja i "kandidati". Članak deli istorijat na četiri generacije rashladnih fluida, na
osnovu definisanja kriterijuma selekcije. U njemu se razmatra zamena ranih radnih fluida, po postupnim kriterijumima i kako se interes za neki raniji rashladni fluid ponovo javio – npr. obnovljeni interes za one danas nazvane "prirodni rashladni fluidi". U radu se ispituje perspektiva sadašnjih opcija u kontekstu postojećih međunarodnih sporazuma, uključujući protokole iz Montreala i Kjota, za sprečavanje razaranja ozona u stratosferi i globalne promene klime. U radu se takođe analiziraju ostala pitanja vezana za životnu sredinu i dalje međunarodne i lokalne kontrolne mere. Razmatranje ilustruje način na koji izdvojena pažnja prema individualnim problemima u čovekovoj okolini ili zakonski zahtevi za razliku od koordiniranih odgovora na nekoliko istovremenih pitanja – može nenamerno pričiniti štetu životnoj sredini koja će skoro sigurno zahtevati preokrete ubuduće. U radu se utvrđuju politika i promene propisa koji se očekuju, a koji mogu značajno uticati na sledeću generaciju rashladnih fluida.
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CALM, James M..
The Sledeća generacija rashladnih fluida – istorijski pregled, analiza i perspektive.
KGH – Klimatizacija, grejanje, hlađenje, [S.l.], v. 38, n. 2, p. 45-54, jan. 2017.
ISSN 2560-340X.
Dostupno na: <https://izdanja.smeits.rs/index.php/kgh/article/view/1191>. Datum pristupa: 17 apr. 2026
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Reference
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[2] America – ™s Climate Security Act of 2007 (ACSA), 2007. U.S. Senate Bill S.2191 (110th Congress, lst Session). U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, USA (18.10.07 as amended 05.12.07).
[3] Baker, J. A., Ghodbane, M, Rugh, J., Hill, W. R., 2007. Alternative refrigerant demonstration vehicles. In: SAE 8th Alternate Refrigerant Systems Symposium, Scottsdale, AZ, USA. SAE International, Warrendale, PA, USA (17 – 19.07.07).
[4] Brohan, P., Kennedy, J. J., Harris, I., Tett, S. F. B., Jones, P. D., 2006. Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed temperature changes: a new dataset from 1850. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D12106.
[5] Calm, J. M., 2002. Emissions and environmental impacts from air – ‘conditioning and refrigeration systems. International Journal of Refrigeration 25 (3), 293 – 305.
[6] Calm, J. M., 2006. Environmental and performance studies of R – ‘123 as a chiller refrigerant – resulting recommendations for environmental protection. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Refrigeration and Air – ‘Conditioning Conference. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, paper R147.
[7] Calm, J. M., Didion, D. A., 1997. Trade – ‘offs in refrigerant selections – past, present, and future. In:
Refrigerants for the 21st Century (Proceedings of the ASHRAE/NIST Conference, Gaithersburg, MD,
USA). American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air – ‘Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, USA, pp. 6 – 19. International Journal of Refrigeration 21 (4), 1998, 308 – 321.
[8] Calm, J. M., Domanski, P. A., 2004. R – ‘22 replacement status. ASHRAE Journal 46 (8), 29 – 39. and erratum, 46(10), 8.
[9] *** Car Lighting and Power Company, advertisement, 1922. Ice and Refrigeration 12, 28.
[10] Carrier, W. H., Waterfill, R. W., 1924. Comparison of thermodynamic characteristics of various refrigerating fluids. Refrigerating Engineering.
[11] Domanski, P. A., 1995. Minimizing throttling losses in the refrigeration cycle. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Refrigeration, vol. IVb. International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, pp. 766 – 773.
[12] Domanski, P. A., Didion, D. A., Doyle, J. P., 1994. Evaluation of suction line – ‘liquid line heat exchange in the refrigeration cycle. International Journal of Refrigeration 17 (7), 487 – 493.
[13] Downing, R. C., 1966. History of the organic fluorine industry. In: Kirk – ‘Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, second ed., vol. 9. John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, New York, NY, USA, pp. 704 – 707.
[14] Downing, R. C., 1984. Development of chlorofluoro – ‘carbon refrigerants. ASHRAE Transactions. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air – ‘Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, USA, 90 (2B), 481 – 491.
[15] *** DuPont Fluorochemicals, 2006. DuPont Fluorochemicals Develops Next Generation Refrigerants – New Sustainable Alternatives Would Offer Practical Solutions. Press Release. Wilmington, DE, USA (09.02.06).
[16] *** DuPont Fluorochemicals and Honeywell, 2007. DuPont, Honeywell Announce Refrigerants Global Joint Development Agreement. Press Release. Wilmington, DE, and Morris Township, NJ, USA (29.03.07).
[17] *** DuPont Fluorochemicals (then identified E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company), 1988. Disassembly and inspection of compressor in laboratory refrigerator charged with R – ‘134a, report NIST – ‘13, E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Incorporated. Wilmington, DE, USA (undated, circa 1988).
[18] *** Environment Committee, 14, June 2006. Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases. Official Journal of the European Union L 161, 1 – 8.
[19] *** EcoCute tops one million units, 2007. IEA Heat Pump Centre Newsletter 25 (3), 13. Boras, Sweden.
[20] *** Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2007. Emissions of greenhouse gases in the United States 2006. Report DOE/EIA – ‘0573 (2006). U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA (11.2007).
[21] Evans, O., 1805. The Abortion of a Young Steam Engineer – ™s Guide. Philadelphia, PA, USA.
[22] Hafner, A., Neksa, P., 2007. Global environmental and economic benefits of introducing R744 mobile air conditioning. In: Paper ICR07 – ‘E1 – ‘725, Refrigeration Creates the Future. Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of Refrigeration, Beijing, People – ™s Republic of China, 21 – 26 August 2007. Chinese Association of Refrigeration (CAR)/International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Beijing, PRC/Paris, France also in 2nd European Workshop on Mobile Air Conditioning and Auxiliaries (Torino, Italy), Associazione Tecnica dell – ™Automobile (ATA), Orbassano (TO), Italy (29 –
30.11.07).
[23] Hashimoto, K., 2006. Technology and market development of CO2 heat pump water heaters (EcoCute) in Japan. IEA Heat Pump Centre Nevvsletter 24 (3), 12 – 16. Boras, Sweden.
[24] *** Honeywell, 2006. Honeywell – ™s Developmental Refrigerant Meets Global Warming Regulation – Technology Targets Future Auto Applications. Press Release. Morristown, NJ, USA (16.02.06).
[25] Horiya, F., 2007. Heat pumps break through for dramatic GHG reduction. In: Presentation at Deploying Demand Side Energy Technologies Workshop. International Energy Agency, Paris, France, p. 21.
[26] Horrocks, P., 2006. EU F – ‘gases Regulation and MAC Directive, ECCP – ‘1 Review. European Commission Environment Directorate, Brussels, Belgium (01.03.06).
[27] *** INEOS Fluor, 2007. New Refrigerant from INEOS Fluor Developed to Meet Long Term Needs of the Automotive Air – ‘Conditioning Sector. Press Release. Runcorn, Cheshire, UK (18.09.06).
[28] Ingels, M., 1952. Willis Haviland Carrier – Father of Air Conditioning. Carrier Corporation, Syracuse, NY, USA.
[29] *** Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis – Summary for Policymakers. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report. World Meteorological Organization.
[30] *** (WMO) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, Switzerland
[31] *** Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1997. United Nations (UN), New York, NY, USA.
[32] Midgley, Jr., T., 1937. From the periodic table to production. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 29 (2), 239 – 244.
[33] Midgley, Jr., T., Henne, A. L., 1930. Organic fluorides as refrigerants Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 22, 542 – 545.
[34] Minor, B. H., Spatz, M. W., 2007. HFO – ‘1234yf – a low GWP refrigerant for MAC – Honeywell/DuPont Joint Collaboration. In: 2nd European Workshop on Mobile Air Conditioning and Auxiliaries (Torino, Italy). Associazione Tecnica dell – ™Automobile (ATA), Orbassano (TO), Italy (29 – 30.11.07).
[35] Minor, B. H., Rao, V. N. M., Bivens, D. B., Perti, D., 2006. Compositions comprising a fluoroolefin. WIPO patent application WO 2006/094303 A2 (08.09.06).
[36] Montfort, R., Malvicino, C., Craig, T., 2007. Secondary 100p system for small cars. In: 2nd European Workshop on Mobile Air Conditioning and Auxiliaries (Torino, Italy). Associazione Tecnica dell – ™Automobile (ATA), Orbassano (TO), Italy (29 – ‘30. 11.07).
[37] *** Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987. United Nations (UN), New York, NY, USA (1987 with subsequent amendments).
[38] Newman, P. A., 2007. Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch. Private communication. Goddard Space Flight Center National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Greenbelt, MD, USA.
[39] Nielsen, O. J., Javadi, M. S., Sulbaek Andersen, M. P., Hurley, M. D., Wallington, T. J., Singh, R. R., 2007. Atmospheric chemistry of CF3CF=CH2: kinetics and mechanisms of gas – ‘phase reaction with Cl atoms, OH radicals, and O3. Chemical Physics Letter; 439, 18 – 22.
[40] Perkins, J., 1834. Apparatus for producing ice and cooling fluids. Patent 6662, UK.
[41] Rayner, N. A., Brohan, P., Parker, D. E., Folland, C. K., Kennedy, J. J. Vanicek, M., Ansell, T. J., Tett, S. F. B., 2006. Improved analyse; of changes and uncertainties in marine temperature measured in situ since the mid – ‘nineteenth century: the HadSST2 dataset. Journal of Climate 19, 446 – 469.
[42] *** Secondary Loop Vehicle A/C Systems, 2007. Report of the 14 – ‘15 August 2007 U.S. EPA Workshop on HFC – ‘152a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Climate Protection Partnerships, Washington, DC, USA (30.10.07).
[43] Singh, R. R., Pham, H. T., Wilson, D. P., Thomas, R. H. P., 2005. Azeotrope – ‘like compositions of tetrafluoropropene and trifluoroiodomethane. U.S. patent 6,969,701 (29.11.05).
[44] Spatz, M. W., Minor, B. H., 2007.07. Update on a low GWP refrigerant Fluid H, DP – ‘1, JDH. In: SAE 8th Alternate Refrigerant Systems Symposium, Scottsdale, AZ, USA. SAE Intemational, Warrendale, PA, USA (17 – 19.07.07).
[45] *** UNEP, 2007a. Decisions Adopted by the Nineteenth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya (22.09.07).
[46] *** United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2007b. 2006 Report of the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Technical Options Committee – 2006 Assessment. UNEP Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya.
[47] *** United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2007c. 2006 Assessment Report of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel. UNEP Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya.
[48] *** UNFCCC, 2007. Press Release – UN Breakthrough on Climate Change Reached in Bali. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) Secretariat, Bonn, Germany (15.12.07).
[49] Wiesmueller, J. J., 2007.07. ACEA automobile industry overview of alternative refrigerants. In: SAE 8th Altemate Refrigerant Systems Symposium, Scottsdale, AZ, USA. SAE International, Warrendale, PA, USA (17 – 19.07.07).
[50] *** World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 2006. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion. Report 50. WMO Global Ozone and Research Monitoring Project/United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Office of Earth Science/the European Commission, Research Directorate General, Geneva, Switzerland/Nairobi, Kenya/Washington, DC, USA/Washington, DC, USA/Brussels, Belgium.
[51] Wuebbles, D. J., Calm, J. M., 1997. An environmental rationale for retention of endangered chemicals. Science 278 (5340), 1090 – 1091.
[52] Zogg, R., Roth, K., Radermacher, R., Brodrick, J., 2007. CO2 heat pump water heaters. ASHRAE Journal 49 (11), 52 – 54.
[2] America – ™s Climate Security Act of 2007 (ACSA), 2007. U.S. Senate Bill S.2191 (110th Congress, lst Session). U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, USA (18.10.07 as amended 05.12.07).
[3] Baker, J. A., Ghodbane, M, Rugh, J., Hill, W. R., 2007. Alternative refrigerant demonstration vehicles. In: SAE 8th Alternate Refrigerant Systems Symposium, Scottsdale, AZ, USA. SAE International, Warrendale, PA, USA (17 – 19.07.07).
[4] Brohan, P., Kennedy, J. J., Harris, I., Tett, S. F. B., Jones, P. D., 2006. Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed temperature changes: a new dataset from 1850. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D12106.
[5] Calm, J. M., 2002. Emissions and environmental impacts from air – ‘conditioning and refrigeration systems. International Journal of Refrigeration 25 (3), 293 – 305.
[6] Calm, J. M., 2006. Environmental and performance studies of R – ‘123 as a chiller refrigerant – resulting recommendations for environmental protection. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Refrigeration and Air – ‘Conditioning Conference. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, paper R147.
[7] Calm, J. M., Didion, D. A., 1997. Trade – ‘offs in refrigerant selections – past, present, and future. In:
Refrigerants for the 21st Century (Proceedings of the ASHRAE/NIST Conference, Gaithersburg, MD,
USA). American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air – ‘Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, USA, pp. 6 – 19. International Journal of Refrigeration 21 (4), 1998, 308 – 321.
[8] Calm, J. M., Domanski, P. A., 2004. R – ‘22 replacement status. ASHRAE Journal 46 (8), 29 – 39. and erratum, 46(10), 8.
[9] *** Car Lighting and Power Company, advertisement, 1922. Ice and Refrigeration 12, 28.
[10] Carrier, W. H., Waterfill, R. W., 1924. Comparison of thermodynamic characteristics of various refrigerating fluids. Refrigerating Engineering.
[11] Domanski, P. A., 1995. Minimizing throttling losses in the refrigeration cycle. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Refrigeration, vol. IVb. International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, pp. 766 – 773.
[12] Domanski, P. A., Didion, D. A., Doyle, J. P., 1994. Evaluation of suction line – ‘liquid line heat exchange in the refrigeration cycle. International Journal of Refrigeration 17 (7), 487 – 493.
[13] Downing, R. C., 1966. History of the organic fluorine industry. In: Kirk – ‘Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, second ed., vol. 9. John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, New York, NY, USA, pp. 704 – 707.
[14] Downing, R. C., 1984. Development of chlorofluoro – ‘carbon refrigerants. ASHRAE Transactions. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air – ‘Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, USA, 90 (2B), 481 – 491.
[15] *** DuPont Fluorochemicals, 2006. DuPont Fluorochemicals Develops Next Generation Refrigerants – New Sustainable Alternatives Would Offer Practical Solutions. Press Release. Wilmington, DE, USA (09.02.06).
[16] *** DuPont Fluorochemicals and Honeywell, 2007. DuPont, Honeywell Announce Refrigerants Global Joint Development Agreement. Press Release. Wilmington, DE, and Morris Township, NJ, USA (29.03.07).
[17] *** DuPont Fluorochemicals (then identified E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company), 1988. Disassembly and inspection of compressor in laboratory refrigerator charged with R – ‘134a, report NIST – ‘13, E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Incorporated. Wilmington, DE, USA (undated, circa 1988).
[18] *** Environment Committee, 14, June 2006. Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases. Official Journal of the European Union L 161, 1 – 8.
[19] *** EcoCute tops one million units, 2007. IEA Heat Pump Centre Newsletter 25 (3), 13. Boras, Sweden.
[20] *** Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2007. Emissions of greenhouse gases in the United States 2006. Report DOE/EIA – ‘0573 (2006). U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA (11.2007).
[21] Evans, O., 1805. The Abortion of a Young Steam Engineer – ™s Guide. Philadelphia, PA, USA.
[22] Hafner, A., Neksa, P., 2007. Global environmental and economic benefits of introducing R744 mobile air conditioning. In: Paper ICR07 – ‘E1 – ‘725, Refrigeration Creates the Future. Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of Refrigeration, Beijing, People – ™s Republic of China, 21 – 26 August 2007. Chinese Association of Refrigeration (CAR)/International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Beijing, PRC/Paris, France also in 2nd European Workshop on Mobile Air Conditioning and Auxiliaries (Torino, Italy), Associazione Tecnica dell – ™Automobile (ATA), Orbassano (TO), Italy (29 –
30.11.07).
[23] Hashimoto, K., 2006. Technology and market development of CO2 heat pump water heaters (EcoCute) in Japan. IEA Heat Pump Centre Nevvsletter 24 (3), 12 – 16. Boras, Sweden.
[24] *** Honeywell, 2006. Honeywell – ™s Developmental Refrigerant Meets Global Warming Regulation – Technology Targets Future Auto Applications. Press Release. Morristown, NJ, USA (16.02.06).
[25] Horiya, F., 2007. Heat pumps break through for dramatic GHG reduction. In: Presentation at Deploying Demand Side Energy Technologies Workshop. International Energy Agency, Paris, France, p. 21.
[26] Horrocks, P., 2006. EU F – ‘gases Regulation and MAC Directive, ECCP – ‘1 Review. European Commission Environment Directorate, Brussels, Belgium (01.03.06).
[27] *** INEOS Fluor, 2007. New Refrigerant from INEOS Fluor Developed to Meet Long Term Needs of the Automotive Air – ‘Conditioning Sector. Press Release. Runcorn, Cheshire, UK (18.09.06).
[28] Ingels, M., 1952. Willis Haviland Carrier – Father of Air Conditioning. Carrier Corporation, Syracuse, NY, USA.
[29] *** Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis – Summary for Policymakers. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report. World Meteorological Organization.
[30] *** (WMO) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, Switzerland
[31] *** Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1997. United Nations (UN), New York, NY, USA.
[32] Midgley, Jr., T., 1937. From the periodic table to production. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 29 (2), 239 – 244.
[33] Midgley, Jr., T., Henne, A. L., 1930. Organic fluorides as refrigerants Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 22, 542 – 545.
[34] Minor, B. H., Spatz, M. W., 2007. HFO – ‘1234yf – a low GWP refrigerant for MAC – Honeywell/DuPont Joint Collaboration. In: 2nd European Workshop on Mobile Air Conditioning and Auxiliaries (Torino, Italy). Associazione Tecnica dell – ™Automobile (ATA), Orbassano (TO), Italy (29 – 30.11.07).
[35] Minor, B. H., Rao, V. N. M., Bivens, D. B., Perti, D., 2006. Compositions comprising a fluoroolefin. WIPO patent application WO 2006/094303 A2 (08.09.06).
[36] Montfort, R., Malvicino, C., Craig, T., 2007. Secondary 100p system for small cars. In: 2nd European Workshop on Mobile Air Conditioning and Auxiliaries (Torino, Italy). Associazione Tecnica dell – ™Automobile (ATA), Orbassano (TO), Italy (29 – ‘30. 11.07).
[37] *** Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987. United Nations (UN), New York, NY, USA (1987 with subsequent amendments).
[38] Newman, P. A., 2007. Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch. Private communication. Goddard Space Flight Center National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Greenbelt, MD, USA.
[39] Nielsen, O. J., Javadi, M. S., Sulbaek Andersen, M. P., Hurley, M. D., Wallington, T. J., Singh, R. R., 2007. Atmospheric chemistry of CF3CF=CH2: kinetics and mechanisms of gas – ‘phase reaction with Cl atoms, OH radicals, and O3. Chemical Physics Letter; 439, 18 – 22.
[40] Perkins, J., 1834. Apparatus for producing ice and cooling fluids. Patent 6662, UK.
[41] Rayner, N. A., Brohan, P., Parker, D. E., Folland, C. K., Kennedy, J. J. Vanicek, M., Ansell, T. J., Tett, S. F. B., 2006. Improved analyse; of changes and uncertainties in marine temperature measured in situ since the mid – ‘nineteenth century: the HadSST2 dataset. Journal of Climate 19, 446 – 469.
[42] *** Secondary Loop Vehicle A/C Systems, 2007. Report of the 14 – ‘15 August 2007 U.S. EPA Workshop on HFC – ‘152a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Climate Protection Partnerships, Washington, DC, USA (30.10.07).
[43] Singh, R. R., Pham, H. T., Wilson, D. P., Thomas, R. H. P., 2005. Azeotrope – ‘like compositions of tetrafluoropropene and trifluoroiodomethane. U.S. patent 6,969,701 (29.11.05).
[44] Spatz, M. W., Minor, B. H., 2007.07. Update on a low GWP refrigerant Fluid H, DP – ‘1, JDH. In: SAE 8th Alternate Refrigerant Systems Symposium, Scottsdale, AZ, USA. SAE Intemational, Warrendale, PA, USA (17 – 19.07.07).
[45] *** UNEP, 2007a. Decisions Adopted by the Nineteenth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya (22.09.07).
[46] *** United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2007b. 2006 Report of the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Technical Options Committee – 2006 Assessment. UNEP Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya.
[47] *** United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2007c. 2006 Assessment Report of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel. UNEP Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya.
[48] *** UNFCCC, 2007. Press Release – UN Breakthrough on Climate Change Reached in Bali. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) Secretariat, Bonn, Germany (15.12.07).
[49] Wiesmueller, J. J., 2007.07. ACEA automobile industry overview of alternative refrigerants. In: SAE 8th Altemate Refrigerant Systems Symposium, Scottsdale, AZ, USA. SAE International, Warrendale, PA, USA (17 – 19.07.07).
[50] *** World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 2006. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion. Report 50. WMO Global Ozone and Research Monitoring Project/United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Office of Earth Science/the European Commission, Research Directorate General, Geneva, Switzerland/Nairobi, Kenya/Washington, DC, USA/Washington, DC, USA/Brussels, Belgium.
[51] Wuebbles, D. J., Calm, J. M., 1997. An environmental rationale for retention of endangered chemicals. Science 278 (5340), 1090 – 1091.
[52] Zogg, R., Roth, K., Radermacher, R., Brodrick, J., 2007. CO2 heat pump water heaters. ASHRAE Journal 49 (11), 52 – 54.