Smanjenje punjenja različitim fluidima u rashladnim i klimatizacionim sistemima
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Jan 21, 2017
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U radu je izložen pregled razloga za smanjenje punjenja u klimatizacionim i rashladnim sistemima. Razmatrane su strategije za smanjenje punjenja: u kompresorima (ulje), posudama, cevima i razmenjivačima toplote. Akcenat je stavljen na razmenjivače toplote, posebno one mikrokanalske. Pored trivijalnog smanjenja unutrašnje zapremine, kao strategije za smanjenje punjenja, prikazan je i uticaj masenog fluksa na sadržaj pare i na potrebnu manipulaciju cirkulacije. Dati su okvir i primer poređenja rashladnih fluida na osnovu njihovog potencijala za malo punjenje kondenzatora.
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HRNJAK, Predrag Pega.
Smanjenje punjenja različitim fluidima u rashladnim i klimatizacionim sistemima.
KGH – Klimatizacija, grejanje, hlađenje, [S.l.], v. 41, n. 4, p. 29-35, jan. 2017.
ISSN 2560-340X.
Dostupno na: <https://izdanja.smeits.rs/index.php/kgh/article/view/1417>. Datum pristupa: 14 aug. 2026
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Reference
[1] Adams, D., P. Hrnjak, and T. Newell, 2003, Pressure Drop and Void Fraction in Microchannels Using Carbon Dioxide, Ammonia, and R245FA as Refrigerants, ACRC Report TR221.
[2] Adams, D. C., J. D. Burr, P. S. Hrnjak, and T. A. Newell, 2006, "Void Fraction of CO2 and Ammonia in Multiport Aluminum Microchannel Tubes, – Proc. of the 11th Int. Ref. and Air Cond. Conf. at Purdue, W. Lafayette, IN.
[3] Butterworth, D., 1975. A Comparison of Some Void-Fraction Relationships for Co-Current Gas-Liquid Flow – International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 1: 845-850.
[4] Cavallini, A., 2012. IIR Gustav Lorentzen conference on natural refrigerants, Delft.
[5] Hoehne, M. R., P. S. Hrnjak, 2004, Charge minimization in systems and components using hydrocarbons as a refrigerant, Air Condition and Refrigeration Center, University of Illinois, Technical Report 224.
[6] Hrnjak, P. S., 2010, Developments in charge reduction and microchannel technology: Mass flux as a way to affect void fraction – charge, 2nd IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction, KTH, Stockholm.
[7] Hrnjak, P. S., 2009, Refrigerant charge reduction: strategies and experience, 1st IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction, Cemagref Antony, France.
[8] Hrnjak, P., 2012, Technologies needed to advance the position of major natural refrigerants: HC, NH3 or CO2, IIR Gustav Lorentzen conference on natural refrigerants, Delft.
[9] Litch A. D., P. S. Hrnjak, 1999, Condensation of ammonia in microchannel heat exchangers, Air Condition and Refrigeration Center, University of Illinois, Contract Report 22.
[10] Hrnjak, P., A. Litch, 2001, Charge Reduction in Ammonia Chiller Using Air-Cooled Condensers with Aluminum Microchannel Tubes, Proceedings of IIAR Conference Long Beach, CA, 235 – 267.
[11] Newell, T. A. et al. 1999, An Investigation of Void Fraction in the Stratified/Annular Flow Regions in Smooth, Horizontal Tubes In Review for International Journal of Multiphase Flow.
[12] Niño V., P. Hrnjak, T. Newell, 2002, Characterization of Two-Phase Flow in Microchannels ACRC TR202.
[13] Palm, B., 2009, Summarizing a Decade of Experience on Charge Reduction for Small HC, Ammonia and HFC Systems, 1st IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction, Paris.
[14] Padilla Y, P. Hrnjak, 2012, Experimentally Validated Microchanel Heat Exchanger Performance And Charge Predictions Used To Compare Charge Reduction Potentials Of Some Refrigerants, 10th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants, Delft, The Netherlands Traeger K. M., Hrnjak P. S., 2005, Charge minimization of microchannel heat exchangers, Air Condition and Refrigeration Center, University of Illinois, TR 251.
[15] Wujek, S., 2012, Personal communication.
[16] Zivi S. M., 1964, Estimation of steady-state steam void fraction by means of the principle of minimum entropy production, J. Heat Transfer, 86 Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs, Series C (1964), 247 – 252.
[2] Adams, D. C., J. D. Burr, P. S. Hrnjak, and T. A. Newell, 2006, "Void Fraction of CO2 and Ammonia in Multiport Aluminum Microchannel Tubes, – Proc. of the 11th Int. Ref. and Air Cond. Conf. at Purdue, W. Lafayette, IN.
[3] Butterworth, D., 1975. A Comparison of Some Void-Fraction Relationships for Co-Current Gas-Liquid Flow – International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 1: 845-850.
[4] Cavallini, A., 2012. IIR Gustav Lorentzen conference on natural refrigerants, Delft.
[5] Hoehne, M. R., P. S. Hrnjak, 2004, Charge minimization in systems and components using hydrocarbons as a refrigerant, Air Condition and Refrigeration Center, University of Illinois, Technical Report 224.
[6] Hrnjak, P. S., 2010, Developments in charge reduction and microchannel technology: Mass flux as a way to affect void fraction – charge, 2nd IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction, KTH, Stockholm.
[7] Hrnjak, P. S., 2009, Refrigerant charge reduction: strategies and experience, 1st IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction, Cemagref Antony, France.
[8] Hrnjak, P., 2012, Technologies needed to advance the position of major natural refrigerants: HC, NH3 or CO2, IIR Gustav Lorentzen conference on natural refrigerants, Delft.
[9] Litch A. D., P. S. Hrnjak, 1999, Condensation of ammonia in microchannel heat exchangers, Air Condition and Refrigeration Center, University of Illinois, Contract Report 22.
[10] Hrnjak, P., A. Litch, 2001, Charge Reduction in Ammonia Chiller Using Air-Cooled Condensers with Aluminum Microchannel Tubes, Proceedings of IIAR Conference Long Beach, CA, 235 – 267.
[11] Newell, T. A. et al. 1999, An Investigation of Void Fraction in the Stratified/Annular Flow Regions in Smooth, Horizontal Tubes In Review for International Journal of Multiphase Flow.
[12] Niño V., P. Hrnjak, T. Newell, 2002, Characterization of Two-Phase Flow in Microchannels ACRC TR202.
[13] Palm, B., 2009, Summarizing a Decade of Experience on Charge Reduction for Small HC, Ammonia and HFC Systems, 1st IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction, Paris.
[14] Padilla Y, P. Hrnjak, 2012, Experimentally Validated Microchanel Heat Exchanger Performance And Charge Predictions Used To Compare Charge Reduction Potentials Of Some Refrigerants, 10th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants, Delft, The Netherlands Traeger K. M., Hrnjak P. S., 2005, Charge minimization of microchannel heat exchangers, Air Condition and Refrigeration Center, University of Illinois, TR 251.
[15] Wujek, S., 2012, Personal communication.
[16] Zivi S. M., 1964, Estimation of steady-state steam void fraction by means of the principle of minimum entropy production, J. Heat Transfer, 86 Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs, Series C (1964), 247 – 252.