Metodološki pristup optimizaciji omotača zgrade pomoću PCM
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Apstrakt
Sektor zgradarstva ima veliki uticaj na životnu sredinu, jer je odgovoran za oko 40% svetske potrošnje energije, za 30% potrošnje sirovina, 25% čvrstog otpada, 25% potrošnje vode, 12% korišćenja zemljišta i 33% povezanih emisija gasova staklene bašte na globalnom planu. Konkretno u Evropi, nestambene zgrada čine četvrtinu građevinskog fonda zgrada u Evropskoj Uniji i one troše otprilike jednu trećinu energije koju potroše sve zgrade, dok su poslovne (kancelarijske) zgrade među glavnim potrošačima koji doprinose povećanju energetskih potreba. Ekološko unapređenje ovog fonda zato predstavlja glavni cilj za evropske zemlje. Omotač zgrade predstavlja mogućnosti da se znatno smanje energetske potrebe zgrade, i istrovremeno poboljšava njen uticaj na životnu sredinu tokom celog životnog ciklusa. Konkretno, na toplotne karakteristike omotača zgrade mogu da utiču materijali koji se koriste u njenoj izgradnji, a ključni parametri su toplotna zaštita omotača zgrade i toplotni kapacitet komponenata koje je okružuju. Poslednih decenija korišćenje akumulatora latentne toplote sa FPM u omotaču zgrade privlači dosta pažnje i pruža mogućnost za bolji unutrašnji toplotni komfor sta-nara i za manju ukupnu potrošnju energije. U nekoliko studija FPM su ugrađeni u omotače zgrada kako bi poboljšali unutrašnji toplotni komfor i energetske karakteristike, i u tim studijama se navodi pozitivnan uticaj koji FPM imaju na godišnja rashladna i grejna opterećenja zgrada u različitim klimatskim zonama. Takođe, rezultati prethodnih radova pokazuju pozivitan uticaj na životnu sredinu koju ima ugrađivanje FPM u zgradama.Ovaj rad predstavlja pregled metodološkog pristupa optimizaciji omotača zgrade u raznim klimatskim tipovima Köppenovoj mapi klasifikacije, uz korišćenje kombinacije dinamike simulacije i višekriterijumske optimizacije u kojoj se koristi NSGA-II genetski algoritam. Predložena metodologija ima za cilj optimizaciju omotača zgrade u pogledu njene emisije ugljenika i u pogledu troškova, pri čemu troškovi obuhvataju i investicione i operativne troškove, uz održavanje unutrašnjeg toplotnog komfora u utvrđenim grani-cama. Da bi se uspešno optimizirao projekat zgrade, većinu odlika treba donositi u početnim fazama procesa projektovanja. U ovom slučaju izazov predstavlja izrada projekat visokih performansi kombinovanjem maksimalnog ukupnog kvaliteta po pitanju ekonomičnosti, komfora i arhitektonskog rešenja uz minimalno korišćenje energije i resursa. Stoga je izuzetno korisno, ako ne i apsolutno neophodno, primeniti računske metode za optimizaciju projekta.
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