Energetska efikasnost i emisija gasova kotlova na biomasu
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http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3860-2034
Slavica Prvulović
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6353-7145
Uroš Šarenac
http://orcid.org/0009-0007-6619-6076
Milan Marković
http://orcid.org/0009-0007-8130-7467
Saša Jovanović
http://orcid.org/0009-0006-9728-0695
Apstrakt
U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja energetske efikasnosti i emisije produkata sagorevanja sedam kotlova za toplu vodu, termičke snage 50 - 700 kW. Biomasa koja se koristi kao gorivo su bale pšenične slame. Cilj rada je da se ukaže na bitne produkte sagorevanja i njihov uticaj na energetsku efikasnost. Analzom rezultata merenja prikazano je kako se parametri emisije produkata sagorevanja menjaju tokom ciklusa loženja. Većina termičkih postrojenja (kotlova) za sagorevanje biomase ima relativno malu energetsku efikasnost. Usled male efikasnosti dolazi do visoke emisije zagađijućih materija. U ovom radu je analiziran uticaj emisije gasova zagađivača na energetsku efikasnost kotlova na biomasu. Emisija gasova zagađivača kao što je ugljen-monoksid, je u korelaciji sa energetskom efikasnosnošću. Rezultati ispitivanja su pokazali da je kod kotlova sa malom energetskom efikasnošću povećan nivo emisije ugljen-monoksida. Prеdnоst biоmаsе kао izvоrа еnеrgiје niје u njеnоm znаčајnоm pоtеnciјаlu, vеć u оbnоvlјivоsti. Obnovljivost daje suštinsku prednost biоmаsi nаd fosilnim gorivom. Kod malih i srednjih kotlova na baliranu slamu, termičke snage 50 – 700 kW, nizak je stepen energetske efikasnosti i kreće se u intervalu 55 – 70 %. Sa povećanjem toplotne snage kotla, raste i temperatura dimnih gasova. Pri toplotnoj snazi kotla 50 – 700 kW, temperatura dimnih gasova se kretala u opsegu 150 – 250 oC. Emisija gasova zagađivača je u korelaciji sa energetskom efikasnosnošću. Nizak stepen efikasnosti rezultira u nepovoljnom sastavu produkata sagorevanja. Mala energetska efikasnost je u bliskoj korelaciji sa povećanom emisijom zagađujućih materija kao što je ugljen monoksid (CO) i drugo. Nivo emisije ugljen-monoksida (CO) je povećan i kreće se u intervalu 2270 - 6930 mg/m3, zbog lošije energetske efikasnosti kotlova i niskih temperatuta sagorevanja u opsegu 570 – 598 oC. Pri sagorevanju biomase dolazi do emisije zagađujićih materija, ali ne u tolikoj meri kao pri sagorevanju fosilnih goriva. Značajna je činjenica da pšenična slama u svom elementarnom sastavu ne sadrži sumpor, ili je sadržaj istog bar deset puta manji od sadržaja u fosilnim gorivima.
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